Table 1. Multiple Response Conceptualization of Clinical Pain
Response Category Examples
Neurophysiological
Ascending Afferent A-delta and C nerve excitation
Supraspinal/Cortical Hypothalamic, limbic, somatosensory excitation
Descending Efferent autonomic, pyramidal, extrapyramidal nerve excitation
Chemical Release of B-endorphin and enkephalin neuropeptides
Cognitive/subjective
Thoughts The pain is horrible, unbearable, out of control
Feelings states Perceptions of pain, fear/anxiety, anger, sadness/depression
Images Visualizations of being crippled, having surgery, losing a job
Gross motor
Verbal Moaning, crying/yelling, pain complaints
Nonverbal Guarding, squeezing, limping, lying down, taking analgesics